Today I Learned

hashrocket A Hashrocket project

See Which Process Has a File Open with fuser

Today I learned you can see which processes have a file open with fuser. For example, if I wanted to see what process was writing to log/development.log in my rails app, I'd run

$ fuser log/development.log
log/development.log: 76170

So the process with PID 76170 has the file open. Running ps will show me the process details:

$ ps 76170
  PID   TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
76170 s008  S+     0:02.86 ruby bin/rails console

Turns out I had a rails console running!

You could also turn this into a one-liner with xargs:

$ fuser log/development.log | xargs ps

Edit Source Code from Within Pry

Yesterday I learned (YIL?!) how to override instance methods within pry. But what if you like the change and want make it more permanent? Typically what I would do is edit the appropriate file in my editor, and either reload! within pry or restart the session.

I learned you can also edit the code directly from within pry - if I want to edit the User class, I can run edit User and pry will open the file that defines User in my $EDITOR ((n)vim, natch). When you close the file, you'll be dropped back into your pry session and the code will be reloaded (including any instances of the class you already initialized in your session).

class User
  def name = "tony"
end

pry(main)> me = User.new
pry(main)> me.name
# => "tony"

pry(main)> edit User # and let's say we edit name to return 'not-tony'
pry(main)> me.name
# => "not-tony"
pry(main)> User.new.name
# => "not-tony"

Override Methods in a Pry Session

Today I learned you can override methods on an object from within pry! Super helpful if you want to test something out but not change it in code yet. It's important to note this only overrides at the instance level, not the class level, so other instances won't be affected.

class User
  def name = "tony"
end

pry(main)> me = User.new
pry(main)> me.name
# => "tony"
pry(main)> def me.name = "who now?"
pry(main)> me.name
# => "who now?"
pry(main)> other_me = User.new
pry(main)> other_me.name
# => "tony"

Use the norm Command for Repetitive Text Tasks

Vim macros are great, but they can become tedious if you need to repeat the macro over and over again on multiple lines. norm comes in super handy in these cases! You can use it to operate on every line, or you can apply it to a visual select range.

* one,
* two,
* three,
* four,

Given a file like above and I want to change just the lines with text two, three, by replacing the * with a - and change the ending comma to a semicolon, I can visual select those lines (Shift + V), enter command mode with : and run:

:'<,'>norm 0s-^[$s;

Let's break it down:

  • '<,'> is the visual selection range
  • norm is the norm command
  • 0s- replaces the first character of the line with -
  • ^[ is actually not typed directly but is an escaped ESC char inserted by Ctrl + V, Esc. This allows you to re-enter command mode inside norm mode.
  • $s' replaces the last character of the line with ;

After running the command, the file should look like:

* one,
- two;
- three;
* four,

Disable single table inheritance column in Rails

Due to ActiveRecord single table inheritance in Rails, the the attribute type is a reserved word by default. However, I like to use type when STI is not in the picture. We can do this per model by setting inheritance_column. Much like most things in Rails there is a sane default for convention but can be overrdiden. In this case we will be 'disabling' is by setting to nil

class Foo < ApplicationRecord
  self.inheritance_column = nil
end

Now you're free to use the type column as wish.

Modify JS code in the browser

Have you ever needed to debug a production JavaScript issue but couldn't modify the source code directly? Chrome's Overrides feature is here to save the day! This powerful tool allows you to persist JavaScript changes between page reloads, even when you don't have direct access to the original source files.

Here are the steps:

  1. Open DevTools > Sources panel
  2. Click "Overrides" tab (>> if hidden)
  3. Select a local folder (grant permission when prompted)
  4. Edit any JS file in Sources > Page
  5. Save (Cmd+S) - a purple dot indicates override active

You can reload the page and your change will be persisted locally and executed in the browser.

Remember to delete your overrides once you're done.

Happy debugging! 🛠️

image

Firefox Custom Search Shortcuts

In addition to the built in search shortcuts in firefox, you can also add custom shortcuts in the settings.

This lets you override your default search engine by prepending a keyword in your address bar (like @google, @duckduckgo, @kagi). It's a quick shortcut if you want to search for something on a specific site. The wikipedia one (@wiki) is especially neat in that it'll take you straight to the wikipedia page if there's a direct hit, no results page you need to go through first.

image

Firefox Builtin Search Shortcuts

Firefox has built in search shortcuts in the address bar, making it easy to search through your bookmarks, tabs, history and actions you can perform.

image

In the address bar (which you can focus with Cmd + L), including the following characters in your search will:

  • * search within your bookmarks
  • % search within your tabs
  • ^ search within your history
  • > search within actions - like Manage bookmarks, View downloads, Take a screenshot

The neat thing is you don't need to start your search with the shortcut, you can add it anywhere. So you can start typing something in the address bar, remember you visited the page yesterday, and add ^ at the end to filter down to your history.

Docs

Subtly between enumerable pluck and map in Rails

Did you know that pluck was not just available in ActiveRecord? Turns out Rails added it to Enumerable so you can use it on most collections.

But wait...

Before you go and do something like this:

all("nav a").pluck(:text)

Beware that pluck's implementation does a key lookup on the object being enumerated (reference). So in this particular case because text is a method on these Capybara elements you'd need to use map

all("nav a").map(&:text)

But you could use it for things that respond to hash/key lookup syntax like:

all("nav a").pluck(:href)

Report Code Statistics in Rails

You can run rails stats to print out statistics around lines of code, classes, methods, code to test ratio, etc for your rails app. It'll print out a table like this:

image

(Don't mind the code to test ratio...it's a proof of concept app 😅)

h/t Joel Hawksley, I learned about this from the excellent talk he gave at Chicago Ruby last week.

Nested Expectations in RSpec

Today I learned you can write nested expectations in rspec. I find this is approach useful with writing request-style tests where I want to ensure the request returned successfully and also ensure the expected effects happened.

it "creates the post" do
  expect {
    expect(request.response_code).to eq(200)
  }.to change { Post.count }.by(1)
end

If either the response is not 200, or the Post count doesn't change, then the test fails.

There is a gotcha that I run into when I build these tests iteratively - first the inner expectation on it's own, wrap it in the outer block, and then add the outer matcher. If you wrap the inner request in an expect block, but don't have any assertions on that block, it will always pass - because we're not matching against anything.

RSpec.describe do
  # ❌ - as expected
  it do
    expect(true).to eq(false)
  end

  # ❌ - as expected, outer expectation passes but inner fails, so test fails
  it do
    expect {
      expect(true).to eq(false)
    }.to not_change { 0 }
  end

  # ✅ - :-? watch out for this one, even though the inner expectation fails, test passes
  it do
    expect {
      expect(true).to eq(false)
    }
  end
end

Connecting to github via ssh with different users

Due to github permissions on projects that I am working on I wanted to switch which user I am connecting to github on a per project base. I also want to keep using ssh keys for that, so I found out that we can have 2 different ssh keys pointint to the same domain, we just had to do a simple twich:

Host github.com
    HostName github.com
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

Host vinny.github.com
    HostName github.com
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/vinny_id_ed25519

So I end up creating 2 ssh keys, 1 per user that I need to access on github. Then left the original ssh key as regular github.com domain, so no changes there, and on the projects that I need to access with the other user I had to clone with:

git clone git@vinny.github.com:MyOrganization/my-project.git

And if you have an exisintg project that you want to move to this new github user you'll have to change the remote on that:

git remote remove origin
git remote add origin git@vinny.github.com:MyOrganization/my-project.git

By the way, as you are changing which keys to use with an existing domain, you may have to restart the ssh-agent in order for this to work:

eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"

Expo Router add index page into stack

We had a situation that we wanted to guarantee that an "index" page under a tab navigation was always there, this way we could go back using the navigation to the index page, even if the user entered to that tab navigation via another screen. I learned that we can use withAnchor prop in conjunction with the unstable settings initialRouteName. This worked really fine and now our back buttons always go to each tab's index screens.

Check this out Expo Router navigation patterns

Randomly Sort Rows in Postgres

I'm on a bit of a random kick lately. Today I learned you can randomly sort rows returned in a query using Postgres' random() function.

SELECT *
FROM users
ORDER BY random()

What it does is it calculates a random value for each row returned, and then orders by that calculated value. If the query returns a lot of rows this can be slow, so probably more useful for exploration or one-offs not necessarily for production uses.

Use jot to Print Sequences

Today I Learned about jot, a command line utility that prints sequential or random data. Let's focus on the sequential bit.

jot takes arguments for reps, begin and end. So if we wanted to print the integers from 1 to 10, we'd do:

$ jot - 1 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Which is neat, but only so cool. What if we wanted to print 21 evenly spaced numbers between -1 and 1? That would be cooler:

$ jot 21 -1 1.00 #the 1.00 tells the output to be float, not int
-1.00
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
-0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

You can even print all the ASCII characters with:

jot -c 128 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
...

Echo substrings of a variable

Say you have a variable set in a shell script:

export testPath='/Users/mary/code/thingy.rb'

You can echo that variable as usual:

echo $testPath
# /Users/mary/code/thingy.rb

But you can also get substrings of that variable as you echo it, using substring extraction. The substring extraction syntax is ${variable:offset:length}

echo ${testPath:11}
# /code/thingy.rb

echo ${testPath:12:4}
# code

You can also change the prefix (${variable#prefix}) and suffix (${variable%suffix}):

echo ${testPath#/Users/mary/code/}
# thingy.rb

echo ${testPath%.rb}
# /Users/mary/code/thingy

Random Sort Text

You can sort to sort text in a file or STDIN. But what if you want to embrace the chaos and sort randomly? Turns out, there's a few ways to do that.

  • sort -R file.txt - sort's -R option does a random sort rather than lexicographically. The caveat here is if you have duplicates, they will be grouped together in the resulting output.
  • shuf file.txt - shuf is a standalone utility to generate random permutations.

Read their man pages to learn more!

Autosave belongs_to Associations

By default, if you make a change to a belongs_to associated model and save the parent model, the associated model won't be saved. This is probably a good default, but it is overridable with the :autosave option.

class Book < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :author
end

book = Book.first
book.author.name # => "J.R.R. Tolkein"

book.author.name = "John Tolkein"

book.save
book.reload
book.author.name # => "J.R.R. Tolkein"

But we can change this behaviour by setting :autosave to true.

class Book < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :author, autosave: :true
end

book = Book.first
book.author.name # => "J.R.R. Tolkein"

book.author.name = "John Tolkein"

book.save
book.reload
book.author.name # => "John Tolkein"

While this is off by default for belongs_to associations, has_one and has_many associations have :autosave true because the foreign keys are on the associated records to ensure those FKs are kept up to date.

Build rows from jsonb data in PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL has a function called jsonb_to_recordset that will return your jsonb data as if it were rows in the database.

Say we have the following example table:

create table notes (title varchar, bullets jsonb);

insert into notes (title, bullets)
values ('Inspection', '[{"field": "Tires", "measured": "Tread Height", "value": "3mm"},{"field": "Brakes", "measured": "Caliper Boot", "value": "cracked"}]');

To use the jsonb_to_recordset function, we can do the following:

select title, field, measured, value
from notes
cross join lateral jsonb_to_recordset(notes.bullets) 
as temp(field varchar, measured varchar, value varchar);

The function gives us the following output:

   title    | field  |   measured   |  value  
------------+--------+--------------+---------
 Inspection | Tires  | Tread Height | 3mm
 Inspection | Brakes | Caliper Boot | cracked

Place a cursor at ALL occurrences in Visual Studio

One of the nice things about working with Visual Studio based text editors is its multi-cursor abilities. For those who don't know, you can highlight a word and pressing CMD+D you can place another cursor at the next occurrence of that string.

This is helpful for making a lot of changes at once. Here's an example where we can fix a typo that was made all throughout a file:

typo = getTypo

if(typo)
    # do something with the typo
else
    # do something else
end

def getTypo()
  typo
end

Well, what if we want a cursor at every occurrence of a typo, but we want a faster way than pressing CMD+D a bunch of times?

TLDR
Just highlight the word you want to grab and press CMD+Shift+L and it will grab all occurrences found in that file. (Just be careful and make sure that's what you actually want!)

Reload All Buffers in Vim

In vim :e edits the current file (reloads from disk), which is useful if the file has been changed outside of vim and you want to load those changes into your buffer in vim.

I ran into a scenario where I ran a formatter outside of vim, and wanted to reload all files open in buffers in my vim session. I took a guess that :ea would edit all (like :wa writes all, :qa quits all) - but alas, swing and a miss.

The way to do this is with :bufdo e. bufdo executes the command - in this case e - in each buffer in the buffer list.

Read Man Pages in (n)vim

Reading man pages in (n)vim is my new favorite way to read man pages. (n)vim gives you syntax highlighting, plus you can follow the links with Shift + K (yes, there are links between man pages - I never knew!).

You can override the default pager for man by setting the MANPAGER environment variable (the default is less -sR) - per the nvim help page, you can use nvim with export MANPAGER='nvim +Man!'.

Happy manual reading!

h/t Josh Branchaud, the TIL GOAT.

Validating Keyword lists in Elixir

I found out that Keyword.validate/2 is a great way to guarantee that a function would be called with the right keyword options. Check this out:

def do_something(%User{} = user, opts \\ []) when is_list(opts) do
  {:ok, opts} = Keyword.validate(opts, [:preload])
  preload = Keyword.get(opts, :preload, [])
  #...
end

Here's some interesting cases:

# fails if you pass an invalid option
Keyword.validate([one: "1", two: "2"], [:one])
# => {:error, [:two]}

# fails if you pass a valid option that is not expected that many times
Keyword.validate([one: "1", one: "again"], [:one])
# => {:error, [:two]}

# it can set default values
Keyword.validate([one: "1"], [:one, two: "5"])
# => {:ok, [two: "5", one: "1"]}

# it succeeds if you pass the right options
Keyword.validate([one: "1", two: "2"], [:one, :two])
# => {:ok, [two: "2", one: "1"]}

Prevent display from falling asleep on MacOS

If you want to prevent your display from going to sleep while you are doing something that doesn't require input, you can use caffeinate -d

For me this was useful when running a longer script that I wanted to keep an eye on while I was debugging. By running caffeinate -d in a terminal I was able to prevent the display from sleeping, saving me from pressing a button or moving the mouse all the time.

git commit -C

Today I learned about the -C flag for git commit. It's used in Hashrocket's dotmatrix in our git cheddar alias - git commit --amend -CHEAD, but I never actually dug into what it does.

From the manual:

-C <commit>, --reuse-message=<commit>

Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the authorship information (including the timestamp) when creating the commit.

Important to note, -C doesn't open your editor to edit the message, so it's great if you don't need to edit the existing message (if you do want to edit, lowercase -c will open your editor with the existing message).

-CHEAD....ohhhh that's why it's called cheddar 🤯

ActiveRecord List All Enums

Today I learned a way to view all the enums defined on an ActiveRecord Model.

Suppose I have a class Post with enums status and category:

class Post < ApplicationRecord
  enum status: [:draft, :published]
  enum category: [:ruby, :rails, :lord_of_the_rings]
end

I can view the enum values for statuses with Post.statuses and category with Post.categories, but what if I want to see all the enums on Post? defined_enums will do that:

Post.defined_enums
# => {"status"=>{"draft"=>0, "published"=>1}, "category"=>{"ruby"=>0, "rails"=>1, "lord_of_the_rings"=>2}}

You can of course key in to each enum here too:

Post.defined_enums["status"]
# => {"draft"=>0, "published"=>1}

Extract Secrets from 1Password for Kamal Deploy

Kamal, the default deployment tool for Rails, has some really great features. One that I just discovered today is kamal secrets.

You can use this utility to expand sensitive credentials from external sources during deployment. Out of the box, it supports 1Password, Bitwarden (and Secrets Manager), LastPass, AWS Secrets Manager, Doppler, and GCP.

You can run the command for SECRETS from the .kamal/secrets file manually to test everything out.

A pre-req for using 1Password is that you will need to install the OP CLI and login to your vault: 

brew install 1password-cli

op signin

Next you'll need your account id. You can get that with - 

op whoami

Then verify you can read your secrets. The output of the command inside the $(...) is a stringified JSON -

SECRETS=$(kamal secrets fetch --adapter 1password --account op_account_id --from "op://Example/ApiKeys" KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD)

The output will look something like this -

\{\"Example/ApiKeys/KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD\":\"xxxxxxxxxxxxx\"\}

The last part is expanding this. You can pass this JSON string to kamal secrets extract to extract the value from the key in the JSON.

kamal secrets extract KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD ${SECRETS}

Change your current context

You can change the context of your console session by using the cd just like you would change the context of your directory.

Here is an example.

# Grab an object, in our example a customer.
c = Customer.all.sample

# Now, 'cd' in to that object.
cd c

# From here you will notice that we are now within 
# the context of our object and can call methods on it directly.

pry(<Customer>):1> first_name
=> "Peter"
pry(<Customer>):1> last_name
=> "Parker"

I found this cool tip, as well as some others in this awesome blog post.

Screenshot Single Window in macOS

It feels like there are an absurd number of options with the built in macOS screenshot tool.

We've seen before you can screenshot the entire screen or select a rectangle and save them as a file or to your clipboard.

Today I Learned there's an option to select an individual window and screenshot the entire window.

You can do this by hitting CMD + shift + 4 (with or without ctrl), then tap space. The cursor will change to a camera, and then you can click on the windows you wish to screenshot!

image

Looks much better than when I try to crop by hand.